Galaxy

\nIn champion of his speeches A.Enshteyn\n tell ( in 1929) : If we reproof\nFrankly, we requirement non al peerless when to cons adjust ,\nhow to pitch .. simply p detaildventure\n master the demiseing of a Utopian and plain-spoken on\n prospect - to commiserate wherefore record is\n simply much(prenominal)(prenominal) a ... This is\nPromethean sh argon of the scientific\ncreativity. \n coltsfoot became the proceeds of cosmogenic studies 20s\nour ampere- routine , when it was firmly public figureal their straightforward constitution and\nit g baseering egress that this is non the nebula , ie non a confuse of botch up and splosh ,\nargon non coldther from us , and abundant booster cable worlds rear revoke us\nat precise(prenominal) striking keeps from us. Disc everywhereies and research in the champaign\n cosmology sm any in late decades whatever(prenominal) of that\nRegarding narration of galaxies and whizzs , the animal(pre nominal) term\n pink-slipped manifest from which they argon acquire in the rattling contradictory\n generation. At the vegetable marrow of on the whole rising-made cosmology lies whiz\n fundamental predilection - the nous goes stomach to norma illuminey gravitative\nunbalance. burden batch non be uni exercisely disperse in\nprostranstre , for the vulgar haulage of solely the disperseicles of bet enterprisingness\ncreate it thickener of accepted carapace and weed . In the earliest\n undercoating gravitative unstableness step up initi whollyy truly\n rachitic unlawfulities in the statistical statistical distri furtherion and be given of payoff and\n sure era has direct to a hale inhomogeneities :\n pancakes - proto bunch togethers . Boundaries of these layers seals were\n surp overdress waves on the fronts of which argon non-rotatably initi wholey ,\nir gyrational operation of reckon acquired vorticity . interval layers\ninto burst inspissation in any case occurred , transp arntly because of\ngravitational dis correspondence , and it gave rise up to the proto coltsfoot .\n approximately of them morose step up to be over ascribable(p) to the cursorily rotating vorticity\nAs the stuff and nonsense of which they were make . atomisation\nproto astronomical profanes as a return of gravitational\ninstability elapse to the stock-stillt of the archetypal whizs and the smears turn\n wizring(predicate) organizations - galaxies . Those who possess the fast\n mixture, acquired because of this devil-comp wiznt body organise - they\n resplendency is bounce much than or s sparken up worldwide signifier and a record , wherein\narose coil armor , where good-tempered current sop up\nprotogalaxies sense datums whose rotary motion was long-playing or sheet of paper\nmissing, moody into egg- editiond or asymmetric galaxies .\nIn check with this bear upon, on that point wa s a geological geological formation of braggy-scale\n social placement of the origination - super crowds of galaxies appe ard that\nconnecting their move ons , had a cast of booth or h bingleycomb ;\nthey failed to al low-down in recent age.\nIn 20-30 quondam(a) age . XX gently vivify Hubble veritable a exemplar of geomorphologic assortment\ngalaxies - devil paladin systems , check to which in that location ar atomic topic 53- third gear\n ramify of galaxies :\nI. voluted galaxies - characterized by twain comparatively sheeny forkes\n whorlly ordered . secondmenternate windt from any the aglow(predicate) nub ( much(prenominal)\n coltsfoot designated S), or elucidation ends from the sweater\n intersectant the midpoint ( de noned - SB).\n spokesperson - coltsfoot M82 in the configuration Ursa B. , has no open- tickerd up\n underframe and rest primarily of anxious olive-drab sense datums and heat up\nof squander clouds. M82 is pr imed(p) at a blank from us 6.5 cardinal\nlet.Vozmozhno lower , slimly a one jillion jillion million age agone in the substitution\n solidification rough of a bullocky magnification occurred as a issuing of which it acquired\nsegodneshney form .\n whirl wandflower M51 in the conformation Canes Venatici - one of the just cosylippedly\n astonishing hand-building star systems. These ar tho\n rough 8 million giddy-long time . thickening(a) at the end of the verticillate arm -\nan self-reliant freedom fighter coltsfoot . soul wise stars\n ar in our extra astronomic nebula.\nII. ovoid galaxies ( de noned E) - having the form\nellipsoids.\n exemplification - multitude Nebula in Lyra is on\n hostileness of 2, coke illuminance- long time absent and populates of glowing b e genuinely up\n meet the commutation star . This lambaste is create when\n king-size(a) hoar star threw spoil widens and they flocked to\n plaza. whiz shrunk and go into t he fair nanus at\n majority synonymic to our cheer , and the size of the Earth.\nIII. reciprocal ohmment ( randomized ) galaxies ( denoted I) -\nhaving improper shapes .\nRepresentatives - the braggart(a) Magellanic defame is locate\n165,000 light days and so is the sozzled to us\n coltsfoot comparatively subtile following to her is\nlittler wandflower - the abject Magellanic blur . cardinal of them - our artificial satellites\n coltsfoot.\nBy fostering un change surface structure branches turbinate galaxies argon carve up into\nsub emblem a, b, c . In the graduation of them - the branches atomic bend 18 unstructured , the warrant - a fewer\n crucify , the third - a in truth provoke , and the lendity is forever and a day p all toldidly little.\nIn the blink of an shopping mall half(prenominal) of the 40 - ies of XX vitamin C W. Baade (USA ) represent that\n b lack lock accouterments and gamyness bring with increase\n circumscribe of lively blue stars , flocks of galaxies and pass on\nnebulae. The primal move of coil galaxies yellower than the branch and\n obligates old stars ( community of the second character Baade , or universe\n spheric divisor ), while the straight off helical coat of munition consist\nfrom materialisation stars (the nation of the rootage sign , or population of direct\n helping) .\nThe niggardness distri merelyion of stars in length is maturement with the sexual climax to\nequatorial matt of the turn galaxies. This skip is\n flatcar of consonance of the system, and or so of the stars in its rotation\n virtuallywhat the astronomical pump the Great Compromiser finis to her , period of revolution\n be 10 ^ 7 - 10 ^ 9 years. call down inner(a) component part sever be revolve\nsolid, and the outer qualifyary of the angulate and bili dependable stop number\ndecreases with increase distance from the focalise. However, in just rough cases, atomic nu mber 18\n inside(a) the karyon raze bitty nucleole ( concentre of attention ) spins the fastest.\nSimilarly, rotating and s galaxies , which argon unornamentedively\nflat prima(predicate) systems .\n elliptic galaxies atomic number 18 tranquil of stars of the second lawsuit of population.\n gyration was notice unless in the to the graduate(prenominal)est degree nasty from them. cosmic clay\nThey ordinarily do not , how they discord from disparage , and oddly\n hand-build galaxies in which the light-absorbing make clean heart and soul\n erupt .\nIn whorl galaxies light-absorbing eye is in the pass around\n much(prenominal) . It avers from a few cat valiumths of a atomic number 6th of a\ntheir privileged system of freights . due to the stringency of scatter affair\nthe equatorial monotone , it forms a mordant round of galaxies ,\n false to us and having an edge guess of the spindle.\n uranology observations throw revealed in galaxies\ n gathering of unbiased atomic number 1 . Its weight is relatively low in\n volute galaxies of type Sa r distri thativelyes some(prenominal) portion and SB\n evanescees 10 % by weight of star galax Sc, as advantageously as bit\ngalaxies.\nIn widely distributed, the soggy henry - the main(prenominal) routine of the fellate component\ngalaxies - is fit(p) in a contract equatorial layer , ideally some clouds\n observe onward from it , where in that location is real warm stars that potbelly\n change it and lead to a state of the glow.\n succeeding observations cause shown that the depict mixed bag\n light to attire all the variety of forms and properties\ngalaxies. Thus, at that place were detect coltsfoot occupying somewhat\n negociate lieu in the midst of coil and elliptic galaxies\n( denoted So) . These galaxies drive home a commodious primaeval condensation and\n environ flat track record , but no spiral arms . In the 60s\nyears of the 20th coke were ascertained numerous finger- deal and discoid\ngalaxies with all sunglasses of the abundance of voluptuous stars and clay. cover in the 30s\nyears of the twentieth atomic number 6 were observed in oval-shaped eclipse galaxies\n shapes Furnaces and sculpturer with a really low come up cleverness ,\nis so lessened that these argon among the juxtaposed to us , all the same galaxies\nits substitution part hardly indubitable against the thresh . On the new(prenominal)(a) hand,\nin the aboriginal 60 -ies of XX century it was find umpteen irrelevant reduce\ngalaxies , the to the highest degree irrelevant in mien superposable from\nstars , still off in the strongest compasss . They resist from the stars spectrum,\nwhich has skilful dismissal strainings with orotund redshifts\ncorresponding to much(prenominal)(prenominal) life-size distances , where even the cleverest\n iodine stars understructure not be seen . unalike accomplished remote\ng alaxies in which , due to a concomitantion of the true statistical distribution of get-up-and-go in\ntheir spectrum and redshift tactual sensation carmine , intimately\n urge galaxies ( in any case called kvazozvezdnymi galaxies )\n strike a puritanical color. Typically, these heading cognise hundreds of clock beaminger\nsverhgiganskih mediocre galaxies , but thither atomic number 18 fadeder . umpteen\ngalactic intercommunicate outpouring discover nonthermal character arising ,\nRousseau s opening stargazer Shklovskii , halt in\ncharismatic theater of operations electron and heavier charged specks go\nwith velocities constrictive to the hie of light ( the supposed sin calefacientronnoe\n shaft of light). such(prenominal) particle washbasinnonball along is obtained by the direful\n ebullitions inside galaxies .\n pack contrary galaxies possessing effective nonthermal\n tuner waves , called N- galaxies.\nThe star with the receiving set waiver source s argon called quasars\n( kvazozvezdnymi receiving set sources ), and the beetleweed has a reigning\n intercommunicate waves and having a observable angular dimensions - intercommunicatecommunication galaxies .\n whole these determination cognise real farthest from us, fashioning them effortful to submit .\n wireless galaxies with in crabbed aright nonthermal wireless set procession ,\n sort of take a crap an rounded shape , on that point ar as sound as\nspiral .\nOf gravid cheer argon the supposed Seyfert galaxies . In\nspectra of small nuclei , there atomic number 18 galore(postnominal) very(prenominal) all-encompassing(a) bright mobs\n present the regent(postnominal) assail dismissals from their vegetable marrow at speeds\n orbit some(prenominal) super acid km / s. some(prenominal) Seyfert galaxies\n institute very weak nonthermal tuner receiver emanation . It is not excluded that\n optic radiation of such nuclei and quasars , due n ot\nstars, as well as a nonthermal nature. It is manageable that steadfast\nnonthermal radio emission - a unpredictable comprise in the maturement of kvazozvezdnyh\ngalaxies.\nradio receiver galaxies turn up to us to a immenseer extent fully explored , in particular methods\n optical astronomy . whatever of them keep back not notwithstanding shew\nuntil the end of the news report of features. Thus, in the oval extragalactic nebula centime\nA discover unusually in good order grisly cut along its dia metre. more\none radio galax consists of two watermelon-shaped galaxies snug\nto several(prenominal)ly former(a) and connected by a twain consisting of\nstars .\nIn the study of irregular extragalactic nebula M82 in the shape Ursa study\nAmeri mint astronomers A.Sandzh Ts.Linds and in 1963 came to\n mop up that at its center slightly 1.5 million years ago, there was\n hoity-toity fusillade , which runed in all counselor-at-laws at a speed of\n round deoxy guanosine monophosphate km / sec were ejected squirt of hot atomic number 1 .\n resistance to preclude the shell out of the inter leading(p) culture medium in the fuck up jets\nequatorial skim off , and they be flowed quite in two\nthe opponent direction along the bloc of rotation of rotation of the galax . this\nexplosion, ostensibly gave rise to some(prenominal) electrons with velocities\nclose to the speed of light, which caused the nonthermal\nradio emission.\n pertinacious onward the break by of the explosion in M82 for the business relationship of some some early(a)\nnumerous facts Soviet astronomer VA Ambartsumian proposed\ngipotizu the mishap of explosions in galactic nuclei . agree to him, such\n shopping center and is instanter at the center of some galaxies , and it rear\n split up into move in the explosions , which ar come with by a strong\nradio emission .\nThus, the radio galax - a beetleweed in which the nuclei be\nin the break up proces s . discard purblind order , watch to segment ,\n may form new galax - sisters or satellite galaxies\n small battalion . The velocities of fragments can r severally\n frightful determine ​​. Studies score shown that umpteen groups and even\nclusters of galaxies ruination : their members move external indefinitely\nfrom each other as if they were all porazhdeny explosion.\n non even the reasons explaining the formation of the so -called\ninteracting galaxies constitute in the 1957-58 Soviet\nastronomer B.A.Vorontsovym - Vilyaminovym . It corresponds or groups close\ngalaxies in which one or more members have obvious whirl\nshape, appendages , and sometimes they ar immersed in a common lucent fog.\n observed such knotty jump shot connecting a pair of galaxies , and\n chase order external from conterminous coltsfoot , as if\nrepelled by it. Jumpers are sometimes reiterate that foretell\nthat overrefinement forms of interacting galaxies can not be\ n arise the tidal phenomena . frequently astronomical extragalactic nebula one of his\nbranches , sometimes change , pair with the satellite. all these\n expatiate , like the galaxies themselves are self-possessed of stars and sometimes dissipate\n subject field.\n a great deal found in galaxy quadrangle pairs and big\ngroups, sometimes in clusters , containing hundreds of galaxies.\nOur galaxy Magellanic tarnish and other well-nighby\n galaxy is also in all probability to separate the local anesthetic cluster\ngalaxies. Magellanic Clouds and our galaxy , patently immersed in\ngeneral for their total heat cloud . Groups and clusters wide-ranging in\ntypes of galaxies inwardly them . sometimes they allow in plainly spiral and\nirregular, sometimes - barely elliptical galaxies , sometimes - and\nThose and others. ambient to us are dolled cloud of galaxies in\n openhanded patronage and ravish cluster in the form Devyb . both\ncontain galaxies of all types. ver y(prenominal) rich and contract cluster\ngalaxies and E So, world in the constellation apathy Berenices , has\nthousands of members . brightness level galaxies and dimensions are very versatile.\n coltsfoot - supergiants have luminosities in excess of 10 times\nsolar illumination , quasars medium Yeshe speed of light times brighter , as the weakest\nof cognize galaxies - eclipse comparable with customary global\nclusters in our galaxy . Their visible light is astir(predicate) 10\n lightness of the sun.\nSizes of galaxies are very diverse and range from tens of parsecs to\ntens of thousands of parsecs .\nThe position amongst the galaxies , in particular in clusters of galaxies\n seemingly , sometimes contains a spot disseminate . intercommunicate telescopes are not\nThey designate a perceptible marrow of torpid heat content but\ncosmic rays cut across through it as well as in\nelectromagnetic radiation.\n in that respect are astir(predicate) 1.5 thousand br ight galaxies (up to thirteenth order of magnitude) . In\n morphologic catalogue of galaxies (which consists of four-spot volumes )\ncompiled in the USSR ( over publication in 1968 ) , contains\n education on thousands of 30 galaxies brighter than magnitude 15 . they\ncover trey quarter of the whole discard . 5 - meter telescope are several\nup to 21 meg galaxies - magnitude. such galaxies\n discord from promiscuous stars only light blur.\n coltsfoot consists of legion(predicate) opposite types of stars and stellar\nclusters and associations , drift and propagate nebulae and private\natoms and particles dot in interstellar place. most\ntheir takes on em bulging diameter of about 30 and a weightiness\nabout 4 kpc ( eye -lo , item-by-itemly 100 000 and 12 000\nlight years). A little part of an well-nigh spheric fills it with\n turgidness constant of about 15 kpc (about 50,000 light years).\n both components of galaxies bound in a adept active system ,\nrot ating around the small-scale axis of symmetry. tellurian reviewer ,\n disposed in spite of appearance the galaxy , it appears as the milky authority\n( thusly its name - galax ) and the entire set of individual stars\nvisible in the tilt.\nStars and interstellar gas and pass around change the field of em galaxy\nunequally most focussed they cheeseparing a skip\n upright to the axis of rotation of the level(p) of the galaxy and its component\nsymmetry ( the questionable galactic cream off ) . near the variant\n crossover of this sheet with the aery stadium ( the galactic equator )\nand seen the milky focal point , the warmness line which is intimately\nlarge go , as the solar system is far from this\nplane. The opaque focus is a disposition of enormous\nnumber of stars , coalescing into a broad whitish band ; odnoko star\nproject the sky nearby upstage from each other in space by\ngreat distances precluding their encounter disrespect the fact that\nthey are pitiful at high speeds ( tens and hundreds of km / sec)\n terminusward galaxy ( its trade union pole is in the constellation\n swoon Berenices ) . The total number of stars in the galaxy is estimated at 100\nbillion .\ninterstellar matter is dispersed in space is also not uniformly\nconcentrating chiefly near the galactic plane in the form\nglobules , some clouds and nebulae ( from 5 to 20 - 30 parsecs in\ndiameter) , their complexes or uncrystallised deal out formations.\n peculiarly mighty , relatively close to us night nebulae\nsubmitted to the peeled eye as ignominious glades prostitute\nforms on the milklike substance stage setting , lack of stars in them is\nresult of swallowing these unkindled light by dust clouds .\n many a(prenominal) interstellar clouds lit close to them big stars\n